Web Streaming

Until recently, digital video files needed to be downloaded in their entirety, after considerable delay, before playback. With web streaming, videos can be played almost immediately as it is transferred from the server to your computer.

Streaming video is just in its infant stages, yet it has a potential limited only by the network bandwidth it requires to send high quality video. However, the bandwidth is expanding exponentially. For the web surfer, this could eventually mean 200 million channels of TV. For video makers, this could be an unprecedented broadcasting opportunity.

Streaming video is a term applied to compression and buffering techniques that allow you to transmit and view video in real-time via the Internet.

Instead of having to wait until it is downloaded completely, streaming video starts playing back shortly after beginning its download, as it is still being downloaded from server.

Before the advent of streaming media technology, multimedia video and audio clips were downloaded as files (usually .AVI or .MPG) to your hard disk before you could view them. Then the file had to be opened using separate software applications like Apple's Quicktime or Microsoft's Windows Media Player.

With streaming technology, you are able to view the media clip as it is downloaded, thus there is no waiting for an entire file to download. After a few seconds of buffering the media clip begins playing. In addition, there is no hard disk space required.

Yes, in most cases, video picture quality is compromised, since a viewer's Internet connection speed determines what picture quality they will see. Using downloadable formats such as MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 will yield a better-looking video picture in most cases.

To stream media via the Internet you first need the video/audio in digital format - this is where video capture cards play their role. Next you must compress that media with an encoder so it can travel efficiently over the Internet. And lastly you need a server to send the media to a player/browser upon request.

The first part of this magic formula is video compression. To compress video, a complex mathematical formula breaks the individual frames into moving and static components. Then it takes each moving object, and guesses where it will be for the next frame. By refreshing only the moving components, and recycling the static images, compression reduces the size and speed of the video file. There is a downside to compression.

If the camera is panning, zooming, or moving in any way, the whole image is in motion, leaving nothing to recycle. This leads to poor compression, and a slower transmission.

The second part of the streaming combination is buffering the file. By giving the file a few seconds to load before starting the image, a reserve of video is available in the memory of the client's computer in case the transmission slows for a moment. When the transmission slows, the client computer uses part of the reserve of video.

All of the packages work similarly. To view video, the surfer needs only to download the viewer or browser plugin, most of which are free, and install it on his computer.

To actually netcast videos, you would need to purchase software to encode your digital video into the streamed format. Then, you would need to get a streaming server. Some programs use a standard web server, while others need special streaming only server.

You have to download and install a streaming media "player" that decompresses the files when they get to your computer. These players can be downloaded for free onto your hard drive from a few different vendors.

All three players are viable options for viewing streaming media, but RealPlayer has begun to dominate the industry as it is the most widely used player on the market.

What are the differences between different companies' streaming media formats?

RealNetworks, Apple and Microsoft's competing formats have much in common. They all use specialized, proprietary codecs (compression / decompression algorithms) to encode and playback their streaming media.

They all release occasional updates in the form of advanced codecs (which usually produce better-looking video at lower bandwidths). Many critics may tell you that Windows Media is "jerkier" but "crisper" and that RealVideo is "smoother" but "blurrier" or even vice versa. Tthe point is, they're all very similar and all currently enjoy widespread worldwide distribution and recognizance.

Perhaps the biggest differences are their costs: Windows Media is "free" to encode and serve (but you must use Windows OS, of course); QuickTime server support is strongest on a Macintosh platform and may involve a cost to encode (using QuickTime Pro); RealNetworks has sometimes hefty costs associated with large servers.

For your videos to be viewable by the widest audience possible, you may have to offer it in at least two of the three major formats and at 3 different bandwidths - 56k and higher. It is a waste of your audiences time to create streams based on anything lower then 56k. If they can't get on the web at 56k, then your audience is not ready for streaming video.

If you want your video to look good over a 56k modem, you have to pick what you are willing to sacrifice and how much of it. The first thing is that you reduce the frame rate to 15 fps. The next thing you'll need to do is shrink the overall image size. The thing you want to maintain as best as possible is the overall image quality. At 56k your audience expects the video to be less smooth. But if it is jerky, tiny and blurry, they will not be coming back for more.

Most popular streaming standard on the PC market, but MAC support is limited.
Realplayer is very popular, but the server is expensive. You can create RealVideo files that you can embed into HTML without a special server, but the playback of the stream is not as good.
Streaming performance depends on both the speed of the user connection and speed of your web server and the line it is connected to.
While the picture quality is great at high speed, the frame rate is not exactly that great. Your video can become so jumpy that watching the movie is frustrating and the storytelling essence is gone.

By far the most portable video standard that's been around for a long time.
QuickTime streaming requires a special server, but any Mac running the latest OS and Quicktime Pro can be configured as a Quicktime server, all you need is the high speed connection.
QuickTime allows you to configure the video into streams that actually download and play simultaneously without any jerks. Performance varies due to web server performance.
Popular because it allows both MAC and PC users share data.

Streamable version of the popular AVI extension.
Player is free and integrated into the Windows Media Player. The video window can be resized by viewer.
Streams extremely well off the net at full screen resolution.
ASF format breaks up the AVI file into bits of streamable data paks to be able to be transmitted over the net, depending on the targeted audience's connection speed.
Browser downloads the file then opens up the media player and plays the file immediately.
Quality can be as good as MPEG1, significantly higher than real video or QuickTime, if you have the bandwidth.

Imagine owning your own broadcast network? Now anybody with a couple thousand dollars can get their live broadcast out to the whole Internet, a mass medium for the masses.

The new technology will also provide a medium for anybody who has an idea to share. Soon there will be Webcasts of shows for every possible interest. Anything from home cooking shows, to fly tying, to video editing will have its own dedicated aficionados sharing their knowledge through video.

Businesses can add video to their websites, or they can use the technology to use video over a WAN. Imagine the appeal for a tropical resort owner to show a live video feed of his sunny beach. A brewery could show you their brewhouse, with a Java script giving you a listing of exactly what was happening as the brewer pressed buttons on his control panel.

Live video isn’t the only thing to use streaming. Any industry could use video on demand to showcase their products, events, and news conferences. A video clip could be incorporated as a click through into a banner add on another Web page.

Independent movie makers could use the technology to showcase their films, providing previews, or perhaps even allowing potential investors for a film to watch the dailies, as a bonus, in hopes of attracting many smaller investors.

While encoding videos into the streamable format, you have to choose exactly how you want it compressed. Normally there are three parameters that make up the streaming quality of a video: frame rate, color depth, and resolution.

Frame rate is the number of still images that make up one second of video. 30 frames per second is considered full motion video for NTSC, 25 for PAL.

When a video is encoded to a frame rate of less than fifteen frames per second, it becomes noticeably jumpy.

Color depth is the number of bits of data the computer assigns to each pixel of the frame. 8-bit, 256-color video is very grainy and unsuitable for video. The 24-bit color is optimal, but because it greatly increases the size of the file to be streamed, you'll want to settle for 16-bit color if you plan on streaming video to viewers connected through the telephone.

Resolution in digital video is measured in number of pixels. For example, if your video is at 640x480, you have 640 pixels across each of the 480 vertical lines of pixels.

Video to be streamed over the Internet ranges from postage stamp video at 49x49 to160x120, all the way up to 640x480 and beyond. The default size (160x120), a larger size for shared broadband (240x180), and a full size picture for high-bandwidth viewers (320x240).

Some of the streaming programs will automatically set the color depth, frame rate, and resolution to match a certain connection speed. If your streaming software supports this, always set your target speed a little bit slower than what the connection is supposed to be at. That way, if there is latency on the Internet, and there will be, your viewers won't have as many pauses as the video is streaming just a little bit faster than the modem can receive the data.

How To Shoot Streaming Videos For The Web?

Streamed video is heavily compressed. The tricks of the compression are what determine what style of shooting streams well and what doesn't stream well.

One type of video compression separates the changing from the static parts of the frames in a particular clip of video. Then it recycles all the parts of the clip that are not sometimes moving, and encodes the moving parts of the images.

When the compressed video is transmitted, parts of the information get lost in the Internet traffic, but the decompression software compensates for this by using its best guess as to where things should be in the frame.

Lossy compression is needed, because the amount of information that digital video requires is far greater than the amount of information the Internet can transfer to an individual computer over a standard phone line, at least till today.

We measure the amount of information transferred in bits per second, and we call this bandwidth. Bandwidth is important because most connections to the Internet do not have enough bandwidth to send video without compression. For example, uncompressed video digitized to half the frames per second and lines per inch of television would require the bandwidth of 821 standard modems operating at 33.6 kilobits per second.

Because the bandwidth is limited and the compression is lossy, video will be choppy and unclear if there is too much movement. There are, however, some tricks to shooting video to be streamed.

The first trick is when in doubt use talking heads. A talking head is a tight shot of just a person's head.talking. If we were to stream this over the Internet, the quality of the video would still be high. However, if we were to add more moving information to the shot it would become jumpy and hard to watch. The video and the sound get choppy because the compression has to refresh much more information.
You should remember that if the camera is moving, everything in the shot is moving too. To keep your streamed video from slowing down, always try to shoot from a tripod.
The colors you choose can affect how well your video will compress. Bright solid colors are best. Dark colors can confuse the compression software, by blending together with subtle shadows.
The contrast of colors is crucial too. Always try to make sure your subject contrasts distinctly from the background.
Make sure the background is a solid color because the compression will make hash out of patterns.
Patterns, either in the foreground or background, must be constantly refreshed even when there is only the slightest movement. So make sure your subjects get rid of the plaid shirts.
You want to have bright, even lighting. Shadows might make a scene more visually compelling, but if you have shadows in your shot, the compression will have trouble with them. It is a good idea to shoot video to be streamed in the daytime.
Panning and zooming are bad for streaming too. When you are panning or zooming, the whole background is in motion.
You also have to be careful not to have too many rapid-paced MTV-style cuts in your video. Each time you change the scene, the compression has to load a whole new image, and it can lead to choppy video.

It might seem that the tricks you need to use for streaming limit the creativity of the videographer.

But this is far from truth. A true mark of creativity is being able to make a compelling video within the framework and limitations of the bandwidth and compression.

These are temporary limitations anyway. Only the pioneers of video streaming will have to contend with them. When more Internet bandwidth is available, you will be able to shoot video in any style you wish, and still have it look smooth and not be jumpy.

Until that point, you have to work within the framework of what video the software can compress, and what video it can't compress.

Streaming Video Over The Web

How To Shoot Streaming Videos For The Web?