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   What is Blu-ray Disc?

     Blu-ray Disc (BD) is an optical storage technology designed with capacity and performance sufficient to meet the demands and expectations of high definition (HD) movie distribution and personal video recording.

     The same physical size and appearance as CD and DVD, BD operates using like principles whereby data is written to or read from a rotating disc by means of a focused laser light beam. However, whereas CD and DVD hold up to 700 MB and 8.5 GB respectively, BD stores as much as 50 GB. The increased capacity (areal density) of BD is achieved by employing smaller sized pits/marks and lands more tightly packed together to encode the data in the disc. These physical disc features can be read or written thanks to a smaller laser spot size created with a shorter blue wavelength laser focused through a larger numerical aperture objective lens. In part, higher performance comes by rotating the disc faster so that, whereas CD transfers 153,600 bytes of user data per second and DVD 1,385,000 bytes per second, BD transfers 4,495,625 bytes per second (see chart).

     As a movie platform, BD supports both standard (SD) and high definition (HD) video, the latest multi-channel audio technologies as well as more sophisticated navigation, elaborate visual and interaction possibilities than those employed in DVD. To deter unauthorized copying of commercial material, BD also incorporates more robust content management and protection mechanisms. Other personal and professional uses include computer data storage, archiving and software distribution as well as television broadcast and camcorder recording where up to 4 hrs (HD) or 24 hrs VHS-quality (SD) analog and digital material can be captured and edited.

   What is HD DVD?

     HD DVD, along with its chief competitor Blu-ray Disc (BD), is an optical storage technology designed with capacity and performance sufficient to meet the demands and expectations of high definition (HD) movie distribution and personal video recording.

     The same physical size and appearance as CD and DVD, HD DVD operates using like principles whereby data is written to or read from a rotating disc by means of a focused laser light beam. However, whereas CD and DVD hold up to 700 MB and 8.5 GB respectively, HD DVD stores as much as 30 GB. The increased capacity (areal density) of HD DVD is achieved by employing smaller sized pits/marks and lands more tightly packed together to encode the data in the disc. These physical disc features can be read or written thanks to a smaller laser spot size created with a shorter blue wavelength laser focused through a larger numerical aperture objective lens. In part, higher performance comes by rotating the disc faster so that, whereas CD transfers 153,600 bytes of user data per second and DVD 1,385,000 bytes per second, HD DVD transfers 4,568,750 bytes per second (see chart).

     As a movie platform, HD DVD supports both standard (SD) and high definition (HD) video, the latest multi-channel audio technologies as well as more sophisticated navigation, elaborate visual and interaction possibilities than those employed in DVD. To deter unauthorized copying of commercial material, HD DVD also incorporates more robust content management and protection mechanisms. Other personal and professional uses include computer data storage, archiving and software distribution as well as television broadcast and camcorder recording.

   Here's the background

     Philips's development of the Laserdisc in 1969 yielded many of the technologies Sony carried over and adopted when they partnered with Philips to create a little something called the CD way back in '79. Both companies were hard at work together once again in the early 1990s on a new high-density disc called the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD—original name, guys), but their format was eventually more or less abandoned in favor of Toshiba's competing Super Density Disc (SD), which had the vast majority of backers at the time, such as Hitachi, Matsushita (Panasonic), Mitsubishi, Pioneer, Thomson, and Time Warner.The two factions cut a deal, brokered by IBM president Lou Gerstner, on a new format: DVD. Toshiba wound up on top after the dust settled in 1995/1996, and Sony and Philips, who weren't cut in on the standard (and royalties) nearly as much as they'd have liked, immediately started work on a next gen system. The Professional Disc for DATA (aka PDD or ProDATA), which was based on an optical disc system Sony had already been developing in the side, would eventually become the Blu-ray disc. Toshiba, not to be outdone by the pair, also started work on a next gen system, the Advanced Optical Disc, which eventually evolved into the HD DVD. After thirty-five years of optical audio/video disc development we're back where we were years ago: two money-grubbing factions fighting each other and threatening to wreak havoc on the consumer electronics industry. Apparently history really does repeat itself.

     So here's the technical nitty gritty before we drop the graphs n' charts on ya. Both systems use the same kind of 405nm wavelength blue-violet laser, but their optics differ in two ways. Since the Blu-ray disc has a tighter track pitch (the single thread of data that spirals from the inside of the disc all the way out-think grooves on a 12-inch vinyl single vs. an Elvis Costello full-length album), it can hold more pits (those microscopic 0s and 1s) on the same size disc as HD DVD even with a laser of the same wavelength. The differing track pitch of the Blu-ray disc makes its pickup apertures differ, however - 0.65 for HD DVD vs. 0.85 for Blu-ray - thus also making the two pickups technically incompatible despite using lasers of the same type. HD DVD discs also have a different surface layer (the clear plastic layer on the surface of the data - what you get fingerprints and scratches on) from Blu-ray discs. HD DVD use a 0.6 mm-thick surface layer, the same as DVD, while Blu-ray has a much smaller 0.1mm layer to help enable the laser to focus with that 0.85 aperture.

     Herein lies the issues associated with the higher cost of Blu-ray discs. This thinner surface layer is what makes the discs cost more; because Blu-ray discs do not share the same surface layer thickness of DVDs, costly production facilities must be modified or replaced in order to produce the discs. A special hard coating must also be applied to Blu-ray discs, so their surface is sufficiently resilient enough to protect the data a mere 0.1mm beneath - this also drives the cost up. The added benefit of keeping the data layer closer to the surface, however, is more room for extra layers. Still with us? No? Blu-ray discs are more expensive, but hold more data - there, that's all. So now that you know why Blu-ray discs cost more and why Sony/Philips and Toshiba are all harshing on one another so much, we can get to the really important stuff: the numbers, and who's supporting who.

Capacity
Blu-Ray		HD DVD
ROM single layer: ROM dual layer: RW single layer: RW dual layer: Highest test: Theoretical limit:	23.3 / 25GB 46.6 / 50GB 23.3 / 25 / 27GB 46.6 / 50 / 54GB 100GB 200GB	Single layer: Dual layer: - - Highest test: Theoretical limit:	15GB 30GB - - 45GB 60GB

Codecs
Blu-Ray	HD DVD
MPEG-2 Microsoft Video Codec 1 (aka VC1, WMV HD, etc.) H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC	MPEG-2 Microsoft Video Codec 1 (aka VC1, WMV HD, etc.) H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC

Security
Blu-Ray	HD DVD
Mandatory HDCP encrypted output ROM-Mark watermarking technology BD dynamic crypto (physical layer) Advanced Access Content System (AACS)	Mandatory HDCP encrypted output (for HD) Volume identifier (physical layer) Advanced Access Content System (AACS)

Studios (movie and game) listed as supporting members
Blu-Ray	HD DVD
20th Century Fox Buena Vista Home Entertainment Electronic Arts MGM Studios Paramount Pictures Sony Pictures Entertainment The Walt Disney Company Vivendi Universal Games Warner Bros.	Buena Vista Home Entertainment New Line Cinema Paramount Pictures The Walt Disney Company Universal Studios Warner Bros.

Format founders
Blu-Ray	HD DVD
Sony Corporation Royal Philips Electronics	Toshiba Corporation Hitachi Corporation

Companies listed as Members, Associate Members, or Contributors (may include duplicates and/or subsidiaries, major companies are bolded, major companies common to both camps are also italicized)
Blu-Ray	HD DVD
3oh!5 Creative, Inc. Adobe Systems Almedio Inc. Alpine Electronics Inc. AMC Co. Ltd. Anwell Technologies USA Aplix Corporation ArcSoft Inc. Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co. ashampoo GmbH & Co. KG ATI Technologies Inc. AudioDev AB B.H.A. Corporation Bandai Visual Co. Ltd. BASF AG BenQ Corporation Broadcom Corporation Canon Inc. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. CMC Magnetics Corporation Coding Technologies GmbH Conexant Systems Inc. Cryptography Research Inc. CyberLink Corp. D&M holdings, Inc. Daewoo Electronics Corporation Daikin Industries DATARIUS Technologies GmbH Degussa Deluxe Media Services Inc. Digital Theater Systems Inc. Dolby Laboratories Inc. Eclipse Data Technologies Electronic Arts Inc. Elpida Memory, Inc. ESS Technology Inc. Expert Magnetics Corp. Fuji Photo Film Co. Funai Electric Co. Horizon Semiconductor IMAGICA Corp. Imation Corp. Infomedia Inc. Intersil Corporation InterVideo Inc. Kadokawa Holdings Inc. Kaleidescape, Inc. Kenwood Corporation Konica Minolta Opto, Inc. Laser Pacific Media Corp. Lead Data Inc. LEADER ELECTRONICS CORP Linn Products Ltd. LINTEC Corporation LITE-ON IT Corporation LSI Logic M2 Engineering AB Maxim Integrated Products MediaTek Inc. Memorex Products Inc. Meridian Audio Ltd. Mitsubishi Kagaku Media Co. / Verbatim Mitsui Chemicals Inc. Mitsumi Electric Co. Moser Baer India Limited MX Entertainment Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Nero Newtech Infosystems Inc. NEXAPM Systems Technology Inc. Nightjar LLC Nikkatsu Corporation NTT Electronics Corporation nVidia Corporation Onkyo Corporation Ono Sokki Co. OPT Corporation Optodisc Technology Corporation Pixela Corporation PoINT Software & Systems GmbH PowerFile Prodisc Technology Inc. Pulstec Industrial Co. Ricoh Co. Ritek Corporation Sanyo Electric Co. SDI Media America ShibaSoku Co. Ltd. Shinano Kenshi Co. Ltd. Sigma Designs Inc. Singulus Technologies Sonic Solutions Sonopress Sony BMG Music Entertainment ST Microelectronics STEAG ETA-OPTIK GmbH Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sunext Taiyo Yuden Co., Tao Group Limited Targray Technology International Inc. Teac Corporation Teijin Chemicals Ltd. Toei Video Company Ltd. Toho Company Toppan Printing Co. TOPTICA Photonics AG Ulead Systems Inc. UmeDisc Ltd. Unaxis Balzer AG Universal (inc. Music , Vivendi Games, Pictures) VDL-ODMS Victor Company of Japan (JVC) Vidiom Systems Corporation Visionare Corporation Yamaha Corporation Yokogawa Electric Corporation ZOOtech Ltd. Zoran Corporation	Acer Inc. Almedio Inc. Alpine Electronics, Inc. Altech Ads Co. Arcsoft, Inc B.H.A Corporation Bandai Visual Co. Canon Inc. Cyberlink Corp. D&M Holdings Inc. Daikin Industries Daiko.Co,Ltd. Digion, Inc. Digital Site Corporation Digital Theater Systems Disc Labo Corp. Diskware Co. Ebistrade,Inc. Enteractive Gmbh Entertainment Network Inc. Expert Magnetics Corp. Finepack . Co.,Ltd Fuji Photo Film Co. Fuji Seiki Co. Funai Electric Co. The High-Defition Marketing Company Hitachi Corp. Hitachi Maxell Hoei Sangyo Co. Imagica Corp. Imation Corp. Interchannel Intervideo, Inc. Itri Jp Co., Ltd Justsystem Corporation Kadokawa Holdings, Inc. Kaleidescape, Inc. Kenwood Corporation Kinyosha Printing Co. Kitano Co. Konica Minolta Opto, Inc. M2 Engineering Mcray Corporation Memory-Tech Corporation Mitomo Co., Ltd Mitsubishi Kagaku Media Co. / Verbatim Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Moser Baer India Ltd Nec Corporation Nec Electronics Corporation Nec Fielding  Nero Nichia Corporation Nihonvtr Inc. Nikkatsu Corporation Omnibus Japan Onken Corporation Onkyo Corporation Paramount Home Entertainment Pico House Co.,Ltd Pixela Corporation Pony Canyon Inc. Ponycanyon Enterprise Inc. Prodisc Technology Inc. Pryaid Records Inc. Pulstec Industrial Co. Q-Tec,Inc. Ricoh Co. Ritek Corporation Sanken Media Product Co. Sanyo Electric Co. Shibaura Mechatronics Corporation Sonic Solutions Sumitomo Heavy Industries. Ltd Super Vision, Inc. Taiyo Yuden Co. Teac Corporation Teijin Chemicals Ltd. Toei Video Co. Toho Company, Limited. Tokyo Laboratory Ltd. Toppan Printing Co. Toshiba Corporation Toshiba Digital Frontiers Inc. Toshiba Entertainment Inc. Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation Toshiba-Emi Limited Toyo Recording Co. Transmix Co. Trendy Corporation Tri-M, Inc. Ulead Systems, Inc. Unaxis Balzers Ltd. Universal (inc. Music , Vivendi Games, Pictures) U-Tech Media Corp. Vap Inc. Video Tech Co.,Ltd. Visionare Corporation Warner Home Video Inc.

   Other interesting facts:

• The Nichi Corporation, who holds the design patents to the Blu-ray’s laser system, sits as an associate member of the HD DVD Promotion Group.

• Even though Apple sits on the Blu-ray Board of Directors, its DVD Studio Pro software supports authoring HD DVD media.

• Blu-ray, unlike HD DVD, requires a hard coating on its discs because it’s 0.5m closer to the surface. The polymer coating it uses, called Durabis, was developed by TDK and is supposedly extremely resilient and fingerprint resistant.

• The Java platform is mandatory on Blu-ray as it’s the standard for menus/multimedia (i.e. all Blu-ray systems must support JVM).

• Though Microsoft has not officially sided with either format, it has a number of long-standing IP cross-licensing deals with Toshiba. HD DVD systems will run Windows CE; the standard is currently the only next-gen optical standard with announced support in Longhorn, and an HD DVD version of the Xbox 360 is rumored for the future.

• The first consumer Blu-ray device in the US market is expected to be the PlayStation 3.